Industrial context (1):

History of magazines:

Magazines: a periodical publication, containing illustrations and articles, on a particular topic and aimed at a particular readership 

1663- earliest publication of a magazine- meant for intellectual, philosophical and literary purposes

18th century- Britain and American colonies started to release their magazines (e.g. Ben Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack)

19th century- monthly magazines gained popularity- news, politics, pictures- periodicals that branched out from news stories: Harpers and the Atlantic

Early 1920s- magazines kicked off in the USA- William Randolph- expanded industry by creating the National Geographic, Vogue, Vanity Fair, Time

Magazines released between the 20s and 50s- The New Yorker,

50s- Playboy by Hugh Hefner- 2016- revamp covers to hide frontal nudity (now have online pornography)

Internet replaces the need to buy magazines

Major players in the industry:

Codes and conventions:

• A-list celebrity
• Face over the masthead 
• Block colour, or natural background 
• Bright colour palette and extravagant hair/makeup
• Minimalist cover lines 
• Direct address
• Powerful and confident body language- frames the face 
• Intertextuality 
• Flowers and outdoor imagery 
• Subversions from stereotypes & diversity 
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